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libyang
3.4.2
libyang is YANG data modelling language parser and toolkit written (and providing API) in C.
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libyang
3.4.2
libyang is YANG data modelling language parser and toolkit written (and providing API) in C.
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Rewriting libyang codebase and creating libyang version 2.0 was motivated mainly by improving long term maintainability. Especially some of the features and design decisions become killers for further development and maintaining the libyang codebase. On the other hand, most of the principles introduced in libyang 1.x to handle YANG schemas and manipulate instantiated data have proved successful. Therefore, we have decided to keep the basic mechanisms from version 1.x and remove the problematic features and modify the improper design decisions. Despite the vision to keep with the mechanisms also the API, the new version became a great opportunity to clean up the API and improve its usability mainly by unifying how the libyang functions are used. So, in the end, this manual is not just a description of the removed features listing removed, modified or added functions. The API should be even better prepared for adding new features and functions. Shortly, almost everything has changed at least a little, so you cannot move from version 1.x to 2.0 just by replacing code snippets. However, we believe that the change is good and libyang 2.0 is simply better.
In this Manual, we want to introduce the differences between libyang 1.x and 2.0. It is intended for the transition from 1.x to 2.0, so if you are new to libyang, simply go to the libyang API Overview section, this Manual is not for you.
The complete generated list of changes (without any additional notes) can be found in the compatibility report.
The most visible change is probably the changed approach to handling errors. While libyang 1.x was using variable ly_errno to provide error information in case the called function failed, there is no such variable in libyang 2.0. On the other hand, most API functions now return LY_ERR values directly stating the result. In addition, in case the error is somehow connected with the context, more detailed error information can be obtained from the context handler itself. Mainly this change is responsible for the backward incompatibility of almost all functions between versions 1.x and 2.0.
Here is the overview of the changed / removed / added functions connected with errors and logging.
| libyang 1.x | libyang 2.0 | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| - | ly_err_last() | New API for handling errors. |
| ly_verb_dbg() | ly_log_dbg_groups() | Rename to align with the names of the accepted values. |
| ly_verb() | ly_log_level() | ^ |
More information about error handling in libyang 2.0 can be found at Errors Handling page.
libyang 2.0 introduces input (ly_in) and output (ly_out) handlers covering the specific input sources for parsers and output targets for printers. They are supposed mainly to simplify parser's and printer's API to avoid the need for separate functions for each source/target. The handlers can be used repeatedly to split the inputs or join the outputs.
More information can be found at Input Processing and Output Processing pages.
In libyang 1.x, there was an inconsistency in printing schemas and data. While the schemas were always printed formatted, the data were printed by default without additional indentation. It is clearly visible in the YIN format of the schema, which is XML, and the XML encoding of the data. While there was a possibility to format data output with the LYP_FORMAT flag, it wasn't possible to change schema output formatting.
libyang 2.0 unifies the behavior of all printers. By default, all the output formats are formatted now. Both, the data as well as the schema printers, accept the option to remove additional formatting (different for the specific format, usually indentations and blank lines): LYD_PRINT_SHRINK for the data printer and LYS_PRINT_SHRINK for the schema printer.
If you compare the XPath Addressing page from libyang 1.x and 2.0 documentation, you will be probably confused since they seem very different. In fact, we have tried to simplify the API by removing the original Schema path format from the public API. Since this format is used in YANG format, libyang still supports it internally, but it is not possible to use it anywhere in the API. The new formats XPath and Path, mentioned at the XPath Addressing page, are both the Data paths used in libyang 1.x. The Path format is a subset of XPath format limited to refer to a single node.
This change was reflected in functions serving to get a node based on the specified path. Unfortunately, when comparing old and new API, the transition can be confusing since the names are sometimes overloaded (be careful mainly of lys_find_path()). The following table depicts the changes, but probably a better approach is to handle the functions as a completely new API.
| libyang 1.x | libyang 2.0 | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| ly_ctx_find_path() | - | To simplify the different types of paths, the Schema path format is not supported for now. If there will be use cases for it, it can be re-added later, but for now try using lys_find_xpath(). |
| lys_find_path() | - | To simplify the different types of paths, the Schema path format is not supported for now. If there will be use cases for it, it can be re-added later, but for now try using lys_find_xpath(). |
| ly_ctx_get_node() | lys_find_path() | Renamed to unify API functions, note that there was lys_find_path in libyang 1.x with different functionality in comparison to the function of the same name from libyang 2.0. |
| - | lys_find_path_atoms() | Extension of lys_find_path(). |
| - | lys_find_lypath_atoms() | ^ |
| - | lys_find_xpath() | New function reflecting updated XPath Addressing. |
| lys_xpath_atomize() | lys_find_xpath_atoms() | Rename to unify with the new API, extends lys_find_xpath(). |
| - | lys_find_expr_atoms() | Extension of lys_find_xpath(). |
| lyd_path() | lyd_path() | Same purpose, just extended functionality. |
| lyd_find_path() | lyd_find_xpath() | Rename to unify with the new API. |
| - | lyd_find_path() | Simplified version of lyd_find_path(). |
| - | lyxp_get_expr() | Added functionality due to the changed representation of XPath expressions. |
| ly_path_data2schema() | - | Removed since the schema path is not available in API. |
| ly_path_xml2json() | - | Removed since done internally, note that even the generic XML parser is not available now. |
| lys_node_xpath_atomize() | - | Removed as useless/redundant, use lys_find_xpath_atoms(). |
Context, as a concept of a storage interconnecting YANG modules into a YANG schema and YANG schema with the instantiated data, was preserved. However, it is now more supposed to be prepared just once before connecting it with any instantiated data. The possibility of removing YANG modules from the context was completely dropped. Furthermore, we would like to introduce some kind of context lock to completely abandon any change of the YANG modules after starting work with the instantiated data.
Another change to note is the removed destructor of private data (lysc_node.priv) in ly_ctx_destroy(). The mechanism was not reliable with the context recompilation and the splitted parsed and compiled schema trees or the complexity of YANG extensions. It is better to let the caller maintain the allocated data directly via some memory pool or using lysc_tree_dfs_full() since he is the best to know where the additional data were added.
The meaining of the lysc_node.priv pointer can be now also changed by LY_CTX_SET_PRIV_PARSED context option, which makes libyang to connect the original parsed schema node structure (lysp_node) into the compiled nodes via their 'priv' pointer.
Other significant changes connected with the context are depicted in the following table.
| libyang 1.x | libyang 2.0 | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| ly_ctx_clean() | - | Removed functionality of manipulating with the context and the modules already placed in the context. |
| ly_ctx_remove_module() | - | ^ |
| ly_ctx_set_module_data_clb() and the associated ly_module_data_clb type. | - | ^ |
| ly_ctx_get_disabled_module() and the associated ly_ctx_get_disabled_module_iter() | - | ^ |
| ly_ctx_info() | ly_ctx_get_yanglib_data() | Clarification of what to expect as the output of the function and possibility to specify custom content ID. |
| ly_ctx_get_module_set_id() | ly_ctx_get_change_count() | The functionality is the same but the exact meaning of the value was clarified. |
| - | ly_ctx_unset_searchdir_last() | Extend the functionality of the ly_ctx_unset_searchdir() to make its use easier. |
| ly_ctx_get_module_older() | - | Removed functionality. |
| - | ly_ctx_get_module_implemented() | Supplement for ly_ctx_get_module() |
| - | ly_ctx_get_module_latest() | ^ |
| - | ly_ctx_get_module_implemented_ns() | Supplement for ly_ctx_get_module_ns() |
| - | ly_ctx_get_module_latest_ns() | ^ |
| - | ly_ctx_get_submodule_latest() | Supplement for ly_ctx_get_submodule() |
| - | ly_ctx_get_submodule2_latest() | Supplement for ly_ctx_get_submodule2() |
| ly_ctx_get_module_by_ns() | ly_ctx_get_module_ns () | Redesign the API - replace some of the parameters with standalone supplement functions. |
| ly_ctx_unset_searchdirs() | ly_ctx_unset_searchdir() | Simplify API and instead of index numbers, work with the values themselves. |
| ly_ctx_set*() | ly_ctx_set_options() | API simplification. |
| ly_ctx_unset*() | ly_ctx_unset_options() | ^ |
| ly_ctx_destroy() | ly_ctx_destroy() | The destructor callback parameter was removed, see the notes above. |
The most significant change between libyang 1.x and 2.0 can be found in schema structures. The schema tree now has two different forms - parsed and compiled trees. While the parsed tree reflects the source of the YANG module, the compiled tree represents the final tree used to validate the instantiated data. Both formats can be found inside the covering lys_module structure. More about the new structures can be found at YANG Modules page.
This is an essential change allowing speed up and simplification of data validation, but requiring carefully determine which format is more suitable for the specific use case. As mentioned, the compiled trees are better for data validation and getting information about the intentioned structure of the schema with all the applied groupings, type modifications, augments, deviations, and any defined if-features. On the other hand, the parsed trees are useful for the schema format conversions since they provide the original structure of the modules. There is a number of new functions intended to work only with the parsed or the compiled tree. These functions are prefixed with lysp_ and lysp_ prefixes.
Schema parser, as well as printer functions, are now extended to accept new input / output handlers. The previous API working directly with inputs and outputs is preserved (or slightly changed), but the functions can be limited in the functionality of the new API. More information can be found at Parsing YANG Modules and Module Printers pages.
| libyang 1.x | libyang 2.0 | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| - | lys_parse() | New generic schema parser API using generic input handler. |
| - | lys_print_module() | New generic schema printer API using generic output handler. |
| - | lys_print_node() | ^ |
| - | lys_print_submodule() | ^ |
The following table introduces other significant changes in the API functions connected with the schema.
| libyang 1.x | libyang 2.0 | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| lys_set_private() | - | Not needed, all lysc_node compatible structures have this pointer so it can be accessed directly. |
| lys_is_disabled() | - | Make no sense since the nodes disabled by if-feature are not present in the compiled tree. |
| lys_features_list() | - | Not needed, the list of features is available in the parsed tree of the module and submodule. |
| lys_features_enable(), lys_features_enable_force() | lys_set_implemented() | Set of enabled features can be changed but it causes the whole context (all the modules) to recompile. |
| lys_features_disable(), lys_features_disable_force() | - | ^ |
| lys_features_state() | - | Redesign of the features handling in the schema tree, the feature's status is newly directly visible as LYS_FENABLED flag (in parsed feature structure). |
| - | lys_feature_value() | Simplified API to get feature's state only based on a feature name string. |
| - | lysp_feature_next() | After redesigning features handling, this function helps to iterate over all features connected with the module. |
| lys_iffeature_value() | lysc_iffeature_value() | Renamed, but note that after features handling redesign, the compiled if-feature structure to evaluate is only in lysp_feature.iffeatures_c. |
| lys_iffeature_value() | - | Not needed since the if-feature statements are directly applied onto the compiled tree. |
| lys_is_disabled() | - | ^ |
| lys_parent() | - | The compiled tree is more straightforward without the need to take care of nodes added via augments. |
| lys_main_module() | - | The compiled tree does not include submodules, so there is always only the main module. |
| lys_node_module() | - | ^ |
| lys_set_enabled() | - | It is not possible to change context this way (remove or disable modules). |
| lys_set_disabled() | - | ^ |
| - | lys_find_child() | Helpers wrapper around lys_getnext(). |
| - | lys_getnext_ext() | Alternative to lys_getnext() allowing processing schema trees inside extension instances. |
| - | lys_nodetype2str() | New functionality. |
| lys_is_key() | lysc_is_key() | Renamed to connect with the compiled schema tree. |
| - | lysc_is_userordered() | Added functionality to simplify the examination of generic compiled schema nodes. |
| - | lysc_is_np_cont() | ^ |
| - | lysc_node_child() | ^ |
| - | lysc_node_actions() | ^ |
| - | lysc_node_notifs() | ^ |
| - | lysp_node_child() | Added functionality to simplify the examination of generic parsed schema nodes. |
| - | lysp_node_actions() | ^ |
| - | lysp_node_notifs() | ^ |
| - | lysp_node_groupings() | ^ |
| - | lysp_node_typedefs() | ^ |
| - | lysc_tree_dfs_full() | Alternative DFS passing implementation to LYSC_TREE_DFS_BEGIN macro. |
| - | lysc_module_dfs_full() | Supplement functionality to lysc_tree_dfs_full(). |
| lys_path(), lys_data_path() | lysc_path() | Redesigned functionality. |
| lys_data_path_pattern() | - | Removed as useless |
| lys_implemented_module() | ly_ctx_get_module_implemented() | Removed, the same result can be simply achieved using ly_ctx_get_module_implemented(). |
There is a set of functions available to implement data type plugins for storing and manipulating data values in a more natural way to the specific data type. For example, IPv4 address type is defined as a string with a pattern, but it is more effective and usual to store and handle IPv4 as a 32-bit number.
| libyang 1.x | libyang 2.0 | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| lys_getnext_union_type() | - | Removed after the type representation redesign. |
| - | lyplg_type_identity_isderived() | Helper functions for base types. |
| - | lyplg_type_parse_dec64() | ^ |
| - | lyplg_type_parse_int() | ^ |
| - | lyplg_type_parse_uint() | ^ |
| - | lyplg_type_validate_patterns() | ^ |
| - | lyplg_type_validate_range() | ^ |
| - | lyplg_type_get_prefix() | Helper functions for processing prefixes in data values. |
| - | lyplg_type_prefix_data_new() | ^ |
| - | lyplg_type_prefix_data_dup() | ^ |
| - | lyplg_type_prefix_data_free() | ^ |
YANG extensions are supported via extension plugins API allowing to implement specific extension and load its support into libyang as a shared module. libyang implements several extensions on its own (see Extension Plugins), but even these internal implementations use the same API. The API and mechanism of loadingexternal plugins" changed a lot in contrast to libyang 1.x. The plugins are now loaded automatically with creating the first libyang context. The only public function to handle external plugins is lyplg_add().
| libyang 1.x | libyang 2.0 | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| lys_ext_complex_get_substmt() | lysc_ext_substmt() | Changed design of the extensions and the way how it's substatements are accessed. |
| lys_ext_instance_presence() | lysc_ext_substmt() | ^ |
| lys_ext_instance_substmt() | lysc_ext_substmt() | ^ |
| ly_clean_plugins() | - | Manipulating external plugins (from plugins directories) is now automatically connected with creating (first) and destroying (last) libyang contexts. |
| ly_get_loaded_plugins() | - | ^ |
| ly_load_plugins() | - | ^ |
| ly_register_exts() | lyplg_add() | Redesigned to a common function for any plugin type. |
| ly_register_types() | lyplg_add() | ^ |
Conceptually, the data tree did not change as much as the schema tree. There is still a generic lyd_node structure that maps according to the schema node's nodetype to some of the other lyd_node_* structures. All the data nodes were extended by hashes to improve performance when searching and processing data trees. The hashes are used for example in the lyd_find_* functions.
All the data nodes are also implicitly ordered following the order of the schema nodes. This is the reason to change the insertion function. Only the user-ordered lists and leaf-lists can be now placed relative to other instances of the same list/leaf-list. Otherwise, the data instance is always inserted/created at the correct place beside the right sibling nodes.
For any functions that are available on inputs of different scale (node, subtree, all siblings, whole data tree), there are several variants of the specific function with suffix specifying what exactly the processed input will be (_single, _tree, _siblings, _all). This way the behavior is always clear in the code.
| libyang 1.x | libyang 2.0 | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| lyd_insert_after() | lyd_insert_after() | Changed meaning by limiting applicability only to user-ordered list and leaf-list instances. |
| lyd_insert_before() | lyd_insert_before() | ^ |
| lyd_schema_sort() | - | Not necessary since the nodes are sorted implicitly. |
Parsing data instances in XML format is newly done directly, without any interstep. Therefore, complete XML API (lyxml_*() functions) from libyang 1.x was removed.
Parser's API was simplified to avoid variadic parameters. The functions are newly split to parsed data, notifications, RPCs and replies to the RPCs. Similarly to the schema parsers, also the new data parser API works with input handlers. The data printer's API was also extended to use new output handlers. However, part of the previous API working directly with inputs and outputs was preserved. More information about the data parser and printer can be found at Parsing Data and Printing Data pages.
| libyang 1.x | libyang 2.0 | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| - | lyd_parse_data() | Redesigned data tree parser. |
| lyd_parse_xml() | - | XML tree format was removed. |
| lyd_parse_fd() | lyd_parse_data_fd() | Renamed and limited to data trees only. |
| lyd_parse_mem() | lyd_parse_data_mem() | ^ |
| lyd_parse_path() | lyd_parse_data_path() | ^ |
| - | lyd_parse_ext_data() | Separated function for parsing data trees matching a schema tree of the given extension instance. |
| - | lyd_parse_op() | Separated function for parsing RPCs, actions, replies, and notifications. |
| - | lyd_parse_ext_op() | Separated function for parsing RPCs, actions, replies, and notifications of the given extension instance. |
| - | lyd_print_all() | New API accepting ly_out. |
| - | lyd_print_tree() | ^ |
Data validation is still done as part of the parser's process. The standalone functionality is available to check the result of data manipulation with the values of the terminal nodes or with the structure of the data tree. In contrast to libyang 1.x, adding the default nodes was made available as a standalone function to simplify the data manipulation process before the final validation.
Many validation flags were removed because they became obsolete (LYD_OPT_DESTRUCT, LYD_OPT_WHENAUTODEL, LYD_OPT_NOEXTDEPS, LYD_OPT_DATA_NO_YANGLIB, LYD_OPT_VAL_DIFF) or we consider them redundant (LYD_OPT_OBSOLETE, LYD_OPT_NOSIBLINGS, LYD_OPT_DATA_ADD_YANGLIB). As for LYD_OPT_TRUSTED, this option was mostly replaced with LYD_PARSE_ONLY because both skip validation but with the significant difference that LYD_OPT_TRUSTED also sets the data node flags to be considered validated. The current option LYD_PARSE_ONLY does not do this because there is now much better support for working with non-validated data trees. Also, in case an invalid tree was marked as validated, it could lead to some undesired behavior, which is now avoided.
Worth mentioning is a difference in the LYB format, which now also stores its validation flags. So, in case a validated data tree is stored, it is also loaded as validated.
| libyang 1.x | libyang 2.0 | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| lyd_validate() | lyd_validate_all(), lyd_validate_op() | Redesigned functionality. |
| lyd_validate_modules() | lyd_validate_module() | ^ |
| lyd_validate_value(), lyd_value_type() | lyd_value_validate() | Redesigned functionality. |
| - | lyd_new_implicit_all() | New in API to explicitly add default nodes, previously done only as part of the validation process. |
| - | lyd_new_implicit_module() | Supplement functionality to lyd_new_implicit_all(). |
| - | lyd_new_implicit_tree() | ^ |
The diff functionality was completely redesigned. Instead of the array of operations to transform one tree into another, the difference between two data trees has newly a form of the annotated data tree describing the differences. A number of functions to use the diff tree was added into API. To simply compare just nodes, there are the compare functions.
| libyang 1.x | libyang 2.0 | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| lyd_diff() | lyd_diff_tree() | Redesigned functionality. |
| - | lyd_diff_siblings() | Supplement functionality to lyd_diff_tree(). |
| - | lyd_diff_apply_all() | ^ |
| - | lyd_diff_apply_module() | ^ |
| - | lyd_diff_merge_all() | ^ |
| - | lyd_diff_merge_module() | ^ |
| - | lyd_diff_merge_tree() | ^ |
| - | lyd_diff_reverse_all() | ^ |
| lyd_free_diff() | - | Removed. |
| lyd_free_val_diff() | - | Removed. |
| - | lyd_compare_single() | Added functionality. |
| - | lyd_compare_meta() | Supplement functionality to lyd_compare_single() |
| - | lyd_compare_siblings() | ^ |
For now, the functionality of moving data between two different contexts is not implemented. If you have a real use case for this functionality, let us know.
| libyang 1.x | libyang 2.0 | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| lyd_dup() | lyd_dup_single() | Redesigned functionality. |
| lyd_dup_withsiblings() | lyd_dup_siblings() | ^ |
| - | lyd_dup_meta_single() | Supplement functionality to lyd_dup_single(). |
| lyd_dup_to_ctx() | - | Transferring data from one context to another is not supported. |
| lyd_merge() | lyd_merge_tree() | Renamed. |
| - | lyd_merge_siblings() | Supplement functionality to lyd_merge_tree() |
| lyd_merge_to_ctx() | - | Transferring data from one context to another is not supported. |
There is a significant change in the value structure in terminal nodes. Thanks to the changes in the schema tree, it is now much more straightforward to get the type of the value and work with the alternative representation of the value fitting better to its type. There is also a new API for the type plugins (see Type Plugins). Even the base YANG data types are now implemented using this API and can be taken as examples for implementing derived data types.
| libyang 1.x | libyang 2.0 | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| lyd_new(), lyd_new_output() | lyd_new_inner(), lyd_new_list(), lyd_new_list2() | Redesigned functionality to better fit new lyd_node structures, creating RPC's output data is now done via a flag parameter of the functions. |
| lyd_new_leaf(), lyd_new_output_leaf() | lyd_new_term() | ^ |
| lyd_new_anydata(), lyd_new_output_anydata() | lyd_new_any() | ^ |
| lyd_new_yangdata() | lyd_new_ext_inner(), lyd_new_ext_list(), lyd_new_ext_term(), lyd_new_ext_any() | Additional functionality to lyd_new_* functions to cover top-level nodes in extension instances. |
| lyd_insert_attr() | lyd_new_meta() | Unify naming used in other functions with the similar functionality. |
| - | lyd_new_attr() | Added functionality to store the data (temporarily) not connected with schema definitions. |
| - | lyd_new_attr2() | ^ |
| - | lyd_new_opaq() | ^ |
| - | lyd_new_opaq2() | ^ |
| - | lyd_new_path2() | Supplement functionality to lyd_new_path(). |
| LYD_PATH_OPT_NOPARENTRET | lyd_new_path2() | lyd_new_path2() returns both the first parent and the wanted node. |
| LYD_PATH_OPT_EDIT | LYD_NEW_PATH_OPAQ | This functionality was replaced by opaq nodes. |
| - | lyd_new_ext_path() | Supplement functionality to lyd_new_path() covering data defined in extension instances. |
| lyd_insert() | lyd_insert_child() | Renamed to better distinguish from lyd_insert_sibling(). |
| lyd_change_leaf() | lyd_change_term() | Align naming with changed names of data structures. |
| - | lyd_change_meta() | Transferred functionality of lyd_change_term() to metadata. |
| - | lyd_any_copy_value() | Added functionality. |
| lyd_free() | lyd_free_tree() | Renamed. |
| lyd_free_withsiblings() | lyd_free_all() | ^ |
| - | lyd_free_siblings() | Supplement functionality to lyd_free_siblings(). |
| lyd_free_attr() | lyd_free_attr_single() | Renamed. |
| - | lyd_free_attr_siblings() | Supplement functionality to lyd_free_attr_single(). |
| - | lyd_free_meta_single() | Added functionality. |
| - | lyd_free_meta_siblings() | ^ |
| lyd_unlink() | lyd_unlink_tree() | Renamed. |
Here is the table of other changes in data API.
| libyang 1.x | libyang 2.0 | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| lyd_find_instance() | - | Removed. |
| lyd_find_sibling() | - | Removed, functionality can be replaced by lyd_find_sibling_val(). |
| lyd_find_sibling_set() | - | ^ |
| - | lyd_find_sibling_first() | Alternative function to lyd_find_sibling_val(). |
| - | lyd_find_meta() | New functionality. |
| lyd_wd_default() | lyd_is_default() | Renamed to unlink from with-default capability. |
| - | lyd_parent() | New wrapper to get generic lyd_node pointer of the parent. |
| - | lyd_child(), lyd_child_no_keys() | New wrapper to cover all children possibilities hidden behind a generic lyd_node structure. |
| - | lyd_owner_module() | Added functionality. |
| - | lyd_value_compare() | Added Functionality. |
| - | lyd_find_target() | Added functionality for the instance-identifier representation. |
| lyd_node_module() | - | Not necessary since the connection with the compiled modules is much more straightforward. |
| lyd_leaf_type() | - | Not necessary since the real type information is much more clear from the new lyd_value. |
| lyd_dec64_to_double() | - | Removed as useless. |
| lyd_node_should_print() | - | ^ |
1.8.5 
